Occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in direct drinking water obtained from household water filters in Dong Ngac Ward, Hanoi, Vietnam

Objective: This study aimed to assess Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination in direct drinking water obtained from the tap of household water filtration systems used in families and to examine their filter maintenance practices at Dong Ngac Ward, Hanoi, Vietnam in 2024.

Methods: Water samples were collected from 264 household water filters, and a questionnaire was given to residents to gather information on filter maintenance practices. The membrane filtration technique was employed to quantify bacterial contamination. The levels of P. aeruginosa were compared with the standard guidelines (0 CFU/250 mL) established by the Vietnamese National Technical Regulation on direct drinking water quality (QCVN 6-1:2010/BYT).

Results: Results indicated that water from household filtration systems was contaminated with P. aeruginosa in 20 out of 264 samples (7.6%) with concentrations ranging from 3.0 × 10¹ to 2.4 × 10² CFU per 250 mL. The survey revealed significant maintenance deficiencies: the majority of households (81.06%, 214/264) failed to replace filter cartridges according to the recommended schedule, 16.29% (43/264) replaced the cartridges only when problems occurred, and 2.65% (7/264) never replaced the cartridges. Furthermore, only 12.12% (32/264) of households had ever tested their filtered water quality. Consequently, 39.77% (105/264) of households were found to be consuming P. aeruginosa-contaminated water for direct drinking.

Conclusions: The study confirms the presence of P. aeruginosa in direct drinking water obtained from the tap of household water filters at Dong Ngac Ward, Hanoi, Vietnam. The study identified a critical lack of awareness regarding routine filter maintenance, periodic water quality monitoring, and the health risks associated with consuming P. aeruginosa-contaminated water. Therefore, regular cartridge replacement and water quality monitoring are essential to ensure the microbiological safety of point-of-use treatment systems. Future research is strongly recommended to assess the microbial quality of water from distribution lines through household water filters, as well as to evaluate associated human health risks.

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